It all boils down to the new server not having the same key as the old server and you need to replace it with the new one. I randomly stumbled across this.
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After changing the SQL Server the MECM integrated Bitlocker won't show any recovery key in the Helpdesk Portal
in System Center Configuration Manager (Current Branch)
Posted
So I ran into this and wanted to post the solution for others:
https://www.sqlservercentral.com/articles/database-master-key-error-after-database-restore
It all boils down to the new server not having the same key as the old server and you need to replace it with the new one. I randomly stumbled across this.