I had the same problem and didn't want to re-install everything. The solution is simple:
Go to C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA\MachineKeys
Delete (or move for backup purposes) any files that were created/modified on the days where you installed/stuffed up/Uninstalled SCCM 2012.
Go to C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Crypto\RSA and browse the other sub directories that exist (if any) and perform the same procedure of deleting (or moving) the files.
Re-run the installation and it should work properly.
NOTE: I did delete the SMS registry key as well as ODBC System DSNs for SCCM, any directories created by SCCM in the program files directory and log files (to make sure it was a clean install).
Hope this helps someone who doesn't want to re-install windows/sql server. I did have the luxury of doing so but why do it when you don't need to